The presupposition of even

Klaus von Heusinger, University of Cologne

Abstract

Here I present a new observation with regard to the felicity of using even. For an even-sentence like even Mary came (with Mary bearing the focus here), it cannot be used to answer a question like who came or who was unlikely to come. Instead, the felicitous use of even Mary came is to (implicitly or explicitly) address issues like "how successful was the party", "how enthusiastic were people", "how urgent was the matter", etc. Thus I propose that the use of even is QUD-sensitive, always with regard to a contextually salient degree question. Even brings a degree-based presupposition of additivity, not an entity-based one (see also Greenberg 2018 for a similar view). An even-sentence indicates a degree increased from a contextual threshold in addressing a degree question (e.g., even Mary came is interpreted as "the talk was really popular, to the extent that Mary came" under a relevant scenario).